CHAPTER I:  INTRODUCTION

• Clouds and Precipitation:  Useful web site about clouds
• Cloud Atlas:  Cloud classifications and photos from Berhard Muehr
• Atmospheric Profile:  Variation of temperature and other properties with altitude
• Aurora:  Auroral display from Fairbanks, AK
• Zonal:  Zonal Cross Section of the atmosphere
• Cyclone:  Mid-latitude cyclone that yields snow in winter
• Blizzard:  The huge blizzard of March 1993, from satellite IR
• Small Cb:  A relatively small cumulonimbus, with arrows to suggest flows of air and trace conponents
• Supercell:  Steady-state convective system over Australia
• UK storm:  Schematic of the airflows that contributed to the stationary nature of the Hampstead flood (1975)
• Large Cb:  The large storm cloud that caused massive flooding in the Big Thompson Canyon
• Storm Cross Section:  An inside view of the Big Thompson Canyon Storm
• pH:  Distribution of pH in rain collected across the United States in 1999
• London Smog:  Many deaths attributed to the sulfurous smog in London, 5-9 December 1952
• SO2 Effects:  Morbidity and mortality due to exposure to sulfur dioxide
• Cloud Type:  Schematic view of the ten genera of cloud types by location in the atmosphere
• Cloud Cross Section:  Schematic side view of a large cumulonimbus
• Cloud Scales:  Clouds must be understood over a broad range of scales
• Drop Sizes:  Liquid drops to scale
• Droplet Spectra:  Examples of the distribution of cloud droplets by diameter
• Cloud Microstructure:  Variations with height of liquid water content and drop concentrations
• Habit Types:  Diagram of the two "primary" habits of snow:  "plate" (top) and "column" (bottom)
• Dendrite:  Photograph of a dendritic snow crystal
• Column:  Photograph of a columnar snow crystal
• Snow Habits:  Schematic of the conditions under which the diverse habits of snow form
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• CO2 and Temperature Trends:  Long-term trends derived from ice-core data
• CH4 Trend:  Recent surge in the abundance of methane in the atmosphere
• SO2 Trend:  The dominance of industrial emissions of sulfur dioxide over all global forms of sulfur
• Pacific CO:  A satellite view of a plume of carbon monoxide moving out over the ocean from Asia
• Composition of H2O:  The "construction" of the water molecule from H and O atoms
• Structure of H2O:  Stereographic View of the water molecule
• Atmospheric SO2:  Sources and sinks of sulfur compounds
• Solar Radiation:  Penetration of solar radiation into the atmosphere depends on wavelength
• Total Ozone Loss:  Satellite data from southern hemisphere shows "hole" forming over Antarctica
• Ozone Profiles:  Sudden depletion of ozone in lower stratosphere when spring arrives
• Ozone and Chlorine:  Plot from Farman showing decrease in O3 at time when Cl rises above background
• CFC Effects:  Cartoon showing how chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFC) initiate the catalytic destruction of ozone
• PSC Chemistry:  Schematic indicating that the surfaces of ice particles serve to "activate" chlorine
• HOX Cycle:  The chemical cycle of HOx (OH, HO2) depicted in a "bubble" diagram
• Photochemical Smog:  Schematic interpretation of the chemistry involved in smog formation
• Particle Categories:  The categorization of various airborne particles by size and composition
• Aerosol Size Distribution:  The trimodal distribution of the atmospheric aerosol
• Visibility:  Visual range as measured by the IMPROVE network between 1992 and 1995
• Atmospheric Aerosol:  A cartoon of the diverse sources and sinks of atmospheric particles
• Geographic Distribution of Aerosol:  The change of the size distribution as air moves off the coast
• Aitken Particles:  The variation with height of the total (Aitken) aerosol concentration
• Junge Layer:  The concentration of "large" (> 0.3 um diameter) sulfate particles in the lower stratosphere
• Ambient Sulfate:  The temporal variation of sulfate in the boundary layer during a "sulfate episode"
• Cloud Particle Fallspeeds:  Terminal (steady-state) settling speeds of liquid drops of various sizes
• Rain Drop:  A photograph of a large water drop in freefall
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• Unit Cell of Ice:  Perspective and plan views of the basic building block of ordinary ice
• Ice Lattice:  Projection of the lattice and unit cell onto the basal plane
• Phase Diagram of Water:  Plot of the phase boundaries in temperature-pressure space
• Saturation Vapor Pressures over Solution:  Raoult's law applied to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water
• Solute Effects:  Impacts solutes have on the vapor pressure and melting point of aqueous solutions
• Henry's Law Coefficients:  Table of values for the molecular coefficients at 25 ^oC
• Gas Solubilities: Effective Henry's Law coefficients for selected gases in solutions of different pH
• Aqueous-Phase Oxidation of SO2:  Rate of SO2 oxidation in liquid solutions of various pH
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• Drop Curvature:  Schematic cross section of two drops, showing the missing neighbors
• Example of Homogeneous Nucleation:  Photo of the cloud formed from vapor inside a recently opened bottle
• Rate of Homogeneous Nucleation:  A plot of the number of new droplets formed as a function of the saturation ratio
• Koehler Curves:  Plots of the equilibrium saturation ratio over solution droplets of given size and solute content
• Occurence of Supercooled Clouds:  A plot of the probability of finding liquid clouds at various temepratures below 0 ^oC
• Double Plate:  Schematic of the way plates form on a monocrystalline frozen cloud droplet
• Column Crystal:  An example of the type of crystal that may have formed via deposition nucleation
• Ice Nuclei:  The concentration of ice nuclei (IN) as a function of supersaturation
• Vapor Profile with and without Warming:  Two profiles of vapor density surrounding a growing cloud droplet.
• Vapor Profiles with Gradients:  Graph showing that the gradients of vapor density about a growing drop decrease with drop size
• The Bergeron Process:  Schematic of the growth of an ice crystal via vapor transport from the supercooled droplets
• Bergeron Effect:  Photo showing one result of phase differences
• Growth of Ice at Water Saturation:  The dependence of vapor pressure difference and growth rate on temperature
• Man-made Hole in a Cloud:  Photographic evidence of the effect ice on a supercooled cloud
• Riming:  The growth of an ice particle by the direct collection of supercooled water droplets
• Growth in Maritime and Continental Clouds:  The change in drop size with time in clouds with differing CCN concentrations
• Precipitation Mechanisms:  A summary of the diverse processes involved in the formation of precipication in a cumuliform cloud
• Drop Breakup:  Photograph of a large drop undergoing disruption
• Airmass Thunderstorm:  The three stages in the evolution of a typical thunderstorm cell
• Hail Trajectory:  Schematic view inside a supercell, showing the path of a hailstone
• Electrical Structure:  Diagram showing the distribution of charge within a convective storm
• Transient Emissions:  Schematic of Sprites, Elves, and Jets resulting from cloud electrification
• Global Electric Circuit:  Diagram showing the pivotal role thunderstorms play in the global electric circuit
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Fates of Pollutants:  Cartoon depicting what can happen to pollutants emitted into the atmosphere

Rain Collector:  Photo of a "wet-only" collector used by the NADP to sample precipitation for chemical analysis

Sulfur Sources and Deposition:  Map of large point sources (dots) of SO2 and of the isopleths of sulfate deposition

Cyclone:  Schematic representation of a mid-latitude cyclone as it processes pollutants in the warm sector

Biogeochemical Reservoirs:  The interconnections of the four main reservoirs in the earth system

Chemical Reservoirs:  Table of the relative magnitudes of several chemical families in the various biogeochemical reservoirs

Atmospheric Cycles:  Cartoon emphasizing the role clouds play in the cycling of chlorine, sulfur and carbon compounds

Topical Overview:  Cartoon of the diverse topics covered in this course

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