Welcome to the Web Site of
C. Song's Research Group at PSU
Applied Catalysis & Industrial Chemistry Research
Group Leader:
Associate Professor of Fuel Science & Associate Director for Catalysis
Fuel Science Program, Energy & Geo-Environmental Engineering Dept. & Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Process Chemistry (LHPC), Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University
Mailing Address:
Pennsylvania State University, 206 Hosler Building, University Park, PA 16802-5000, USA
E-mail: csong@psu.edu; Tel: 814-863-4466; Fax: 814-865-3248
Any Comments, Suggestions, Questions & Requests?
Please feel free to contact Chunshan Song at your convenience
Areas of Research Interests in Our Group
o Shape-selective catalysis over zeolites and molecular sieves for value-added organic chemicals
o New catalytic materials for fuel conversion, chemical processing, and environ. protection
o Catalytic upgrading of heavy oil, resid, and conversion of coal to clean fuels and chemicals
o Catalytic conversion of CO2 and natural gas to produce chemicals and fuels
o Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in supercritical-phase and advanced thermally stable jet fuels
o Analytical characterization of fuels and catalytic materials
Members & Visiting Scientists in Our Group
# Current Group Members at PSU
Dr. K. Madhu Reddy, Research Associate, 1994-present
Dr. Masahide Sasaki, Postdoctoral Fellow, 1996-present
Mr. Boli Wei, Research Assistant, 1997-present
Dr. Jianping Shen, Postdoctoral Fellow, 1997-present
Dr. John Andresen, Research Associate, 1998-present
Dr. Andrzej Piotrowski, Research Assistant, 1998-present
Dr. Srinivas T. Srimat, Postdoctoral Fellow, 1998-present
Ms. Lu Sun, Research Assistant, 1997-present
Ms. Jingmei Wang, Graduate Student, 1997-present
Mr. Ming Guo, Graduate Student, 1997-present
Ms. Jingyan Shao, Graduate Student, 1998-present
Mr. Uday Turga, Graduate Student, 1998-present
Mr. Wei Pan, Graduate Student, 1998-present
Mr. Ashok Mishra, Graduate Student, 1998-present
Mr. Weilin Wang, Graduate Student, 1998-present
Mr. J. Jon Strohm, Undergraduate Student, 1998-present
Ms. Cynthia Matos, Undergraduate Student, 1998-present
# Visiting Scientists from Overseas Organizations
Dr. Satoru Murata, Osaka University, Japan 1997-1998
Prof. Kazuhiro Mae, Kyoto University, Japan 1997
Prof. Baoqing Li, Academy of Sciences, ICC, China 1997
Dr. Yoshihiro Yoneyama, Toyama University, Japan 1996-1997
Mr. Boli Wei , Inst. of Coke Chem, China 1996-1997
# Former Group Members at PSU Since 1991
Dr. A. Venkat Raman, Postdoctoral fellow 1996-1997
Dr. Wei-Chuan Lai, Res. Assoc., Postdoc. Fellow 1991-1996
Dr. Andrew Schmitz, Res. Assoc., Postdoc. Fellow 1992-1996
Dr. Russell Byrne, Postdoctoral Fellow 1994-1995
Dr. Eckhardt Schmidt, Res. Assoc., Postdoc. Fellow 1993-1995
Mr. William Cooke, Research Technologist 1994-1995
Dr. P. Vjay, Postdoctoral Fellow 1994-1995
Dr. Ajay K. Saini, Res. Assoc., Postdoc.Fellow 1991-1994
Dr. Derrick S. Parfitt, Postdoctoral Fellow 1991-1993
Dr. Shawn Lin, Postdoctoral Fellow 1993
Ms. Heather Leta, Undergraduate 1997
Ms. Lissette Lopez, Undergraduate 1996
Ms. Cindy Chan, Undergraduate 1994
Mr. Jessel McConnie, Undergraduate 1993
Ms. Grainne Bowers, Undergraduate 1993
Mr. Stephen Kirby, Undergraduate 1992
Ms. Kimberly Moffatt, Undergraduate 1992
Research Publications from Our Group
o Shape-Selective Catalysis over Zeolites and Molecular Sieves
Song, C. Recent Advances in Shape-Selective Catalysis over Zeolites for Synthesis of Specialty Chemicals. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 113, 163-186.
Song, C., A. D. Schmitz and K. M. Reddy. Effect of Dealumination of Mordenite Catalysts on Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene. Mater. Res. Soc. Sym. Proc. Ser., 1998, in press.
Song, C., X. Ma, A. D. Schmitz, and H. H. Schobert. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene over Mordenite Catalysts. Computational Analysis Using MOPAC. . Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (2), 280-284.
Song, C. and A. Schmitz. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Biphenyl over H-Mordenite. Effect of Catalyst Dealumination and Water Addition. 15th North Am. Catal. Soc. Meet., Technical Program, Chicago, May 18-22, 1997, p.159.
Song, C., M. Klein and J. Reynolds (Editors). Catalytic Conversion of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Elsevier, Amsterdam (as volume 31 of a serial publication Catalysis Today), Published in September 1996, 188 pp.
Song, C., J. Garces and S. Yoshihiro (Editors). Shape-Selective Catalysis for Hydrocarbon Processing and Chemicals Synthesis. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Washington DC, to be published in 1999.
Schmitz, A. and C. Song. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene over Dealuminated Mordenites. Enhancing b,b-Selectivity by Water Addition. Catalysis Letters, 1996, 40 (1), 59-65.
Schmitz, A. and C. Song. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene. Reactivity of 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene over Dealuminated Mordenite Catalysts. Catalysis Today 1996, 31 (1), 19-25.
Schmitz, A., G. Bowers, and C. Song. Shape-Selective Hydrogenation of Naphthalene over Zeolite-Supported Pt and Pd Catalysts. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 45-56.
Lai, W.-C., C. Song, A.van Duin, and J.W. de Leeuw. Ring-Shift Isomerization of sym-Octahydrophenanthrene into sym-Octahydroanthracene. Effects of Zeolite Catalysts and Equilibrium Compositions. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 145-161.
Lai, W.-C., and C. Song. Conformational Isomerization of cis-Decahydronaphthalene over Zeolite Catalysts. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 171-181.
Song, C. Zeolite-Catalyzed Isomerization of sym-Octahydrophenanthrene to sym-Octahydroanthracene. U.S. Patent, 5,523,505, June 4, 1996.
Song, C. and S. Kirby. Shape-Selective Alkylation of Naphthalene with Isopropanol over Mordenite Catalysts. Microporous Materials, Elsevier, 1994, 2 (5), 467-476.
Song, C. and K. Moffatt. Zeolite-Catalyzed Ring-Shift Isomerization of sym-Octahydrophenanthrene and Conformational Isomerization of cis-Decahydronaphthalene. Microporous Materials, Elsevier, 1994, 2 (5), 459-466.
o New Catalytic Materials & Their Applications
Reddy, K. M. and C. Song. Effect of Al Sources on the Synthesis and Acidic Characteristics of Mesoporous Aluminosilicates of MCM-41 Type. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 117, 291-299.
Reddy, K. M., B. Wei and C. Song. Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization of Petroleum Resids. Catalysis Today, 1998, in press.
Song, C. and K. M. Reddy. Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene in Distillate Fuels. Applied Catalysis A: General, 1998, in press.
Song, C., K. M. Reddy and Y. Yoneyama. A Novel Method for Preparing Unsupported High-Surface-Area MoS2 Catalyst. Spectroscopic Characterization. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3-4), in press.
Yoneyama, Y., C. Song and K. M. Reddy. A Novel Method for Preparing Highly Active Unsupported Mo Sulfide Catalyst. Hydrocracking of 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42 (3), 550-554.
Reddy, K.M. and C. Song. Synthesis and Acidic Characteristics of Novel Mesoporous Zeolites. 15th North Am. Catal. Soc. Meet., Poster Program, Chicago, May 18-22, 1997, p.13.
Reddy, K. M. and C. Song. Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of
Novel Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Molecular Sieves. Mater. Res. Soc. Sym.
Proc. Ser., 1997, 454, 125-137.
Yoneyama, Y. and C. Song. Promoting Effect of Water on In-Situ Generated
MoS2 Catalyst for Hydrogenation and C-O Bond Cleavage of Dinaphthyl Ether.
Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42 (1), 52-55.
Reddy, K. M. and C. Song. Synthesis of Mesoporous Molecular Sieves: Influence of Aluminum Source on Al Incorporation in MCM-41. Catalysis Letters, 1996, 36 (1), 103-109.
Reddy, K. M., and C. Song. Synthesis of Mesoporous Zeolites and Their Application for Catalytic Conversion of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 137-144.
Song, C., D. S. Parfitt, and H. H. Schobert. Bimetallic Dispersed Catalysts from Molecular Precursors Containing Mo-Co-S for Coal Liquefaction. Energy & Fuels, 1994, 8 (2), 313-319.
o Catalytic Fuel Processing, Desulfurization & Hydrogenation
Song, C. A Proposed New Approach to Design of Noble Metal Catalysts for Simultaneous Deep Hydrogenation and Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel Fuels. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3-4), in press.
Song, C., K. M. Reddy and H. Leta. Mesoporous Zeolite-Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Diesel Fuel Desulfurization. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3-4), in press.
Song, C. and A. D. Schmitz. Zeolite-Supported Pd and Pt Catalysts for Low-Temperature Hydrogenation of Naphthalene in the Absence and Presence of Benzothiophene. Energy & Fuels, 1997, 11 (3), 656-661.
Lin, S.D., and C. Song. Noble Metal Catalysts for Low-Temperature Naphthalene Hydrogenation in Prestheence of Benzothiophene. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 93-104.
Schmidt, E., C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Hydrotreatment of 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl in the Presence of Iron Catalysts and Sulfur. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10 (3), 597-602.
Kirby, S., C. Song, and H. Schobert. Hydrodeoxygenation of O-Containing Polycyclic Model Compounds Using A Novel Organometallic Catalyst Precursor. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 121-135.
Cooke, W. S., Schmidt, E., C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Reaction of Dibenzothiophene with Hydrogen in the Presence of Selected Molybdenum, Iron, and Cobalt Compounds. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10 (3), 591-596.
o Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oils and Resids
Reddy, K. M., B. Wei, and C. Song. Mesoporous Zeolite-Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization of Petroleum Resids. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42 (2), 396-400.
Song, C., K. Hanaoka, and M. Nomura. Influence of Pore Structure and Chemical Properties of Supported Mo Catalysts on Their Performance in Upgrading Heavy Coal Liquids. Energy & Fuels, 1992, 6 (5), 619-628.
Song, C., T. Nihonmatsu, and M. Nomura. Effect of Pore Structure of Ni-Mo/Al2O3 Catalysts in Hydrocracking of Coal-Derived and Oil Sand Derived Asphaltenes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1991, 30 (8), 1726-1734.
Song, C., T. Nihonmatsu , K. Hanaoka and M. Nomura. Effect of Pore Structure of Unimodal Catalysts on Hydrocracking of Asphaltene and Preasphaltene and Heteroatom Removal. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1991, 36 (2), 542-550.
Ueda, K., H. Matsui, C. Song, and W. Xu. Catalytic Hydrocracking of Phenanthrene over Ni-Mo, Co-Mo and Metal-Loaded Y-Zeolite Catalysts. J. Japan Petrol. Inst., 1990, 33 (6), 413-417.
Song, C., K. Hanaoka, T. Nihonmatsu, and M. Nomura. Influence of Pore Structure of Nickel-Molybdenum Catalysts on Their Performance in Upgrading of SRC. Proc. 5th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 23-27, 1989, Vol. II, pp. 759-762.
o Advanced Jet Fuels & Supercritical-Phase Pyrolysis
Song, C. and W.-C. Lai. Chemistry for Thermal Degradation of Bicyclic Hydrocarbon Components of Jet Fuels in Pyrolytic Regime. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3-4), in press.
Andresen, J. M., J. J. Strohm and C. Song. Thermal Stability of Naphthenic Jet Fuels and Effects of Hydrotreating. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3-4), in press.
Venkataraman, A., C. Song, and M. M. Coleman. Effects of Hydrogen Donor Concentration on the Thermal Decomposition of n-Tetradecane at 450°C. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3-4), in press.
Coleman, M. M., Sobkowiak, M., Fearnley, S. P. and C. Song. Hydrogen Donors as High Temperature (>400 °C) Stabilizers for Jet Fuels-A Dilemma. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3-4), in press.
Selvaraj, L., J. Stallman, C. Song, and M. M. Coleman. In Situ Regeneration of the Thermal Stabilizer Benzyl Alcohol via Ethanol in Jet Fuels above 400°C. Fuel Processing Technology, 1997, 50 (2), 153-162.
Lai, W.-C. and C. Song. Pyrolysis of Alkylcyclohexanes In or Near Supercritical Phase. Product Distribution and Reaction Pathways. Fuel Processing Technology, 1996, 48 (1), 1-27.
Yoon, E., L. Selvaraj, C. Song, J. Stallman, and M. M. Coleman. High Temperature Stabilizers for Jet Fuels and Similar Hydrocarbon Mixtures. 1. Comparative Studies of Hydrogen Donors. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10 (3), 806-811.
Lai, W.-C., and C. Song. Supercritical- and Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of n-Tetradecane at 450°C. Effects of Reactant and Inert Gas Pressure. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1996, 41 (2), 502-507.
Lai, W.-C., and C. Song. Reactive Structure Index for Correlation of High Temperature Thermal Stability of Saturated Hydrocarbons. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1996, 41 (2), 524-528.
Yoon, E. M., L. Selvaraj, C. Song, J. B. Stallman, S. Eser, and M. M. Coleman. High Temperature jet Fuel Stabilizers. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1996, 41 (2), 461-463.
Selvaraj, L., M. Sobkowiak, C. Song, J. Stallman, and M.M. Coleman. A Model System for the Study of Additives Designed to Enhance the Stability of Jet Fuels at Temperatures Above 400°C. Energy & Fuels, 1994, 8 (4), 839-845.
Song, C., W.-C. Lai, and H. H. Schobert. Hydrogen-Transferring Pyrolysis of Long-Chain Alkanes and Thermal Stability Improvement of Jet Fuels by Hydrogen Donors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1994, 33 (3), 548-557.
Song, C., W.-C. Lai, and H. H. Schobert. Condensed-Phase Pyrolysis of n-Tetradecane at Elevated Pressures for Long Duration. Product Distribution and Reaction Mechanisms. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1994, 33 (3), 534-547.
Coleman, M. M., H. H. Schobert and C. Song. A New Generation of Jet Fuels. Chemistry in Britain, Royal Chem. Soc., 1993, 29 (9), 760-763.
Song, C., S. Eser, H.H. Schobert, and P.G. Hatcher. Pyrolytic Degradation Studies of a Coal-Derived and a Petroleum-Derived Aviation Jet Fuel. Energy & Fuels, 1993, 7 (2), 234-243.
Lai, W.-C., C. Song, H. H. Schobert., and R. Arumugam. Pyrolytic Degradation of Coal- and Petroleum-Derived Aviation Jet Fuels and Middle Distillates. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (4), 1671-1680.
Song, C., Y. Peng, H. Jiang, and H. H. Schobert. On the Mechanisms of PAH and Solid Formation during Thermal Degradation of Jet Fuels. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 484-492.
Song, C., S. Eser, H. H. Schobert, and P. G. Hatcher,. Thermal Stability of Petroleum- and Coal-Derived Jet Fuels at High Temperatures. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 540-547.
o Analytical Characterization of Fuels & Catalytic Materials
Reddy, K. M., B. Wei and C. Song. High-Temperature Simulated Distillation GC Analysis of Petroleum Resids and Their Products from Catalytic Upgrading over Co-Mo/Al2O3 Catalyst. Catalysis Today, 1998, in press.
Song, C., W.-C. Lai, A. Schmitz, and K.M. Reddy. Characterization of Acidic Properties of Microporous and Mesoporous Zeolite Catalysts Using TGA and DSC. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1996, 41 (1), 71-76.
Lai, W.-C. and C. Song. Temperature-Programmed Retention Indices for GC and GC-MS Analysis of Coal- and Petroleum-derived Liquid Fuels. Fuel, 1995, 74 (10), 1436-1451.
Song, C., L. Hou, A. K. Saini, P.G. Hatcher, and H. H. Schobert. CPMAS 13C NMR and Pyrolysis-GC-MS Studies of Structure and Liquefaction Reactions of Montana Subbituminous Coal. Fuel Processing Technol., 1993, 34 (3), 249-276.
Burgess, C. E., K. Wenzel, C. Song, P. G. Hatcher, and H. H. Schobert. Structural Correlation of Coal Liquefaction Oils with Flash Pyrolysis Products. Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Banff, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993, Vol. I, pp.311-314.
o Chemicals and Materials from Coal / Non-Fuel Uses of Coal
Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Coal and Coke. In MacMillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Edited by J. J. Lagowski, MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, 1997, Vol. 2, pp. 367-372.
Song, C. and H.H. Schobert. Non-fuel Uses of Coals and Synthesis of Chemicals and Materials. Fuel, 1996, 75 (6), 724-736.
Song, C. and H.H. Schobert. Synthesis of Chemicals and Materials from Coal. Chemistry and Industry, 1996, No.7, 253-257.
Song, C., H.H. Schobert and A. W. Scaroni. Current Status of U.S. Coal Utilization and Non-fuel Uses of Fossil Fuels. Proceedings of 14th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, September 23-27, 1997, Paper No. 22-1.
Song, C. and H.H. Schobert. Catalytic Synthesis of High-Value Chemicals and Materials from Coal. Proceedings of 14th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, September 23-27, 1997, Paper No. 28-4.
Song, C. Towards Efficient Coal Utilization in the 21st Century. Energy and Resources, (Invited review, Japanese, non-refereed), 1995, 16 (1), 63-64.
Schobert, H. H. and C. Song. Moving Coal into the 21st Century. Earth & Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, non-refereed, 1992, 61 (3), 51-55.
Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Specialty Chemicals and Advanced Materials from Coals: Research Needs and Opportunities. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 524-532.
Hirota, T., M. Nomura, and C. Song. A Method for Manufacture of Aromatic Chemicals from Coals. Japan Patent, 1-279990 (Assigned to Osaka Gas Company, Japan), November 10, 1989.
o Conversion of Coal to Clean Fuels via Liquefaction / Coprocessing
Song, C., A. K. Saini, Y. Yoneyama and H. H. Schobert. Using H2O and In-Situ Generated Mo Sulfide Catalyst for Temperature-Programmed Liquefaction of Wyodak Coal. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Coal Science, Essen, Germany, September 7-12, 1997, Vol. III, 1413-1416.
Song, C., A. K. Saini and H. H. Schobert. Effects of Drying and Oxidation on Liquefaction of Wyodak Coal Using In-Situ Generated MoS2 Catalyst at 350-425°C. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Coal Science, Essen, Germany, September 7-12, 1997, Vol. III, 1397-1400.
Song, C., A. K. Saini and Y. Yoneyama. A New Process for Catalytic Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coal Using Dispersed MoS2 Catalyst Generated In-Situ with Added H2O. Proceedings of 14th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, September 23-27, 1997, Paper No. 8-4.
Kirby, S.R., C. Song and H. H. Schobert. Hydrodeoxygenation in Low-Rank Coal Liquefaction Systems Using Novel Organometallic Catalyst Precursors. Proc. 13th Ann. Internat. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Sept. 3-7, pp.466-471, 1996.
Song, C. and A. K. Saini. Strong Synergistic Effect between Dispersed Mo Catalyst and H2O for Low-Severity Coal Hydroliquefaction. Energy & Fuels, 1995, 9 (1), 188-189.
Song, C. Using Water and Dispersed Catalyst for Coal Liquefaction at Low Severity. Energeia, University of Kentucky, 1995, 6 (2), 1-4.
Song, C., A. K. Saini, and J. McConnie. Strong Promoting Effect of H2O on Coal Liquefaction Using Water-Soluble and Oil-Soluble Mo Catalyst Precursors. Coal Science and Technology, Elsevier, 1995, 24 (2), 1391-1394.
Song, C., E. Schmidt, and H. H. Schobert. Activity and Selectivity of Fe Catalysts from Organometallic and Inorganic Precursors for Hydrocracking of 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl) Bibenzyl Coal Science and Technology, Elsevier, 1995, 24 (2), 1327-1330.
Song, C., A. K. Saini, and H. H. Schobert. Retrogressive Reactions in Catalytic Coal Liquefaction Using Dispersed MoS2. Coal Science and Technology, Elsevier, 1995, 24 (2), 1215-1218.
Song, C., A. K. Saini, H.H. Schobert. Effects of Drying and Oxidation of Wyodak Subbituminous Coal on Its Thermal and Catalytic Liquefaction. Spectroscopic Characterization and Products Distribution. Energy & Fuels, 1994, 8 (2), 301-312.
Song, C., H. H. Schobert, and A. W. Scaroni. Current Status of U.S. Coal Utilization Technologies and Prospects. Energy and Resources (Invited review, Japanese), 1994, 15 (2), 142-153.
Song, C., D. S. Parfitt, and H. H. Schobert. Bimetallic Dispersed Sulfide Catalysts from Organometallic Clusters for Coal Liquefaction. Catalysis Letters, 1993, 21 (2), 27-34.
Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Aromatic Polymer Precursors from Coals: A New Direction in Coal Chemistry. Proc. 10th Ann. Internat. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Sept. 20-24, pp.384-389, 1993.
Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Opportunities for Developing Specialty Chemicals and Advanced Materials from Coals. Fuel Processing Technol., 1993, 34 (2), 157-196.
Song, C., D. S. Parfitt, and H. H. Schobert. Novel Bimetallic Dispersed Catalysts from Heteronuclear Organometallic Complexes for Promoting Coal Liquefaction. Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Banff, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993, Vol. II, pp.345-348.
Song, C., W.-C. Lai, and H. H. Schobert. Condensed-Phase Pyrolysis of Long-Chain Paraffins. Unusual Effects of Sample Volume and Inert Gas Pressure. Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Banff, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993, Vol. II, pp.167-170.
Song, C., A. K. Saini, and H.H. Schobert. Positive and Negative Impacts of Drying and Oxidation on Low-Severity Catalytic Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coal. Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Banff, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993, Vol. I, pp.291-294.
Saini, A.K., M. M. Coleman, C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Antiliquefaction: Model Systems for Enhanced Retrogressive Cross-Linking Reactions under Coal Liquefaction Conditions. Energy & Fuels, 1993, 7 (2), 328-330.
Parfitt, D.S., C. Song, H.H. Schobert. The Use of Bimetallic Organometallic Compounds as Precursors of Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Proc. 9th Ann. Internat. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Oct. 12-16, 1992, pp. 503-508.
Song, C., H.H. Schobert, and P.G. Hatcher. Temperature-Programmed Liquefaction of a Low Rank Coal. Energy & Fuels, 1992, 6 (3), 326-328.
Huang, L., C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Temperature-Programmed Catalytic Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coal Using Dispersed Mo Catalyst. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 223-227.
Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Temperature-Programmed Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coals in H-donor and Non-donor Solvents. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 976-983.
Song, C., H. H. Schobert, and P. G. Hatcher. Temperature-Programmed Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coal. Evaluation of Coal Depolymerization Reactions by CPMAS 13C NMR and Pyrolysis-GC-MS. Proc. 6th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sept. 16-20, , 1991, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp.664-667.
Song, C., K. Hanaoka, and M. Nomura. Short-Contact-Time Pyrolytic Liquefaction of Wandoan Subbituminous Coal and Catalytic Upgrading of SCT-SRC. Fuel, 1989, 68 (3), 287-292.
Song, C., T. Ono, and M. Nomura. Catalytic Hydrogenation and Cracking of Anthracene over MoCl3-LiCl-KCl and NiCl2-LiCl-KCl Salts. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1989, 62 (2), 630-632.
Song, C., K. Hanaoka, and M. Nomura. Performance of MoCl3- and NiCl2-LiCl-KCl Catalysts in Coal Hydroliquefaction with H-Donor Vehicle. Energy & Fuels, 1988, 2 (5), 639-644.
Song, C., K. Hanaoka, T. Ono, and M. Nomura. Catalytic Upgrading of SRC Derived from Pyrolytic Coal Liquefaction and Hydrocracking of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1988, 61 (10), 3788-3790.
Song, C., M. Nomura, and K. Hanaoka. Two Stage Coal Liquefaction: Short-Contact-Time Liquefaction of a Subbituminous Coal and Catalytic Upgrading of the SCT-SRC Using Molten Salts. Coal Science and Technology, Elsevier, 1987, 11, 239-242.
Song, C. and M. Nomura. Catalytic Effects of MoCl3- and NiCl2-Containing Molten Salts in Hydroliquefaction of Akabira Bituminous Coal with and without H-Donor Vehicle. Fuel, 1987, 66 (9), 1225-1229.
Song, C. and M. Nomura. Catalytic Effects of MoCl3- and NiCl2-Containing Molten Salts for Hydroliquefaction of Morwell Brown and Taiheiyo Subbituminous Coals. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1986, 59 (11), 3643-3648.
Song, C., M. Nomura, and M. Miyake. Coal Hydroliquefaction Using MoCl3- and NiCl2-Containing Salts as Catalysts: Difference in Catalysis between Solid and Molten Catalysts. Fuel, 1986, 65 (7), 922-926.
First Prepared by CS on July 31, 1998 // Last Updated by CS on August 12, 1998
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